Bibliography for American Crime Fiction BETA

Abbott, Megan E. The Street Was Mine: White Masculinity in Hardboiled Fiction and Film Noir. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print.

Adorno, Theodor W and Bernstein, Jay M. The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. London: Routledge, 1991. Print.

Auster, Paul et al. The New York Trilogy. London: Faber and Faber, 1987. Print.

Bailey, Frankie Y. Out of the Woodpile: Black Characters in Crime and Detective Fiction. New York: Greenwood, 1991. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=KentUniv&isbn=9780313064272>.

Barone, Dennis. Beyond the Red Notebook: Essays on Paul Auster. Penn studies in contemporary American fiction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. Print.

Bedore, Pamela. Dime Novels and the Roots of American Detective Fiction. Crime Files. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=KentUniv&isbn=9781137288653>.

Bell, Kevin. Ashes Taken for Fire: Aesthetic Modernism and the Critique of Identity. London: University of Minnesota Press, 2007. Print.

Benjamin, W. Illuminations; Translated by H Zohn, Edited and with an Introduction by H Arendt. [Place of publication not identified]: Fontana-Collins, 1973. Print.

Bennett, Tony. Popular Fiction: Technology, Ideology, Production, Reading. Popular fictions series. London: Routledge, 1990. Print.

Bertens, Johannes Willem and Haen, Theo d’. Contemporary American Crime Fiction. Crime files series. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. Print.

Breu, Christopher. Hard-Boiled Masculinities. London: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Print.

Brooks, Peter. Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. Print.

Brown, Mark. Paul Auster. Contemporary American and Canadian writers. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007. Print.

Cain, James M. et al. Crime Novels: American Noir of the 1930s and 40s. Ed. Robert, Polito. The library of America. New York: Library of America, 1997. Print.

---. The Postman Always Rings Twice. London: Orion, 2005. Print.

Cassuto, Leonard. Hard-Boiled Sentimentality: The Secret History of American Crime Stories. Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2009. Print.

Chandler, Raymond. Notebooks. First Edition. New York: ECCO P.,U.S, 1976. Print.

---. The Little Sister. London: Penguin in association with Hamish Hamilton, 1955. Print.

---. The Raymond Chandler Papers: Selected Letters and Non-Fiction 1909-1959. New edition. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2001. Print.

Chandler, Raymond. The Simple Art of Murder. 1st Vintage Books ed. Vintage crime. New York: Vintage Books, 1988. Print.

Christopher, Nicholas. Somewhere in the Night: Film Noir and the American City. London: Free Press, 1997. Print.

Clarens, C. Crime Movies from Griffith to the Godfather and Beyond. [Place of publication not identified]: Secker & Warburg, 1980. Print.

Cline, Sally. Dashiell Hammett: Man of Mystery. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing, 2014. Print.

Cochran, David. America Noir: Underground Writers and Filmmakers of the Postwar Era. London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. Print.

Collins, Jim. Uncommon Cultures: Popular Culture and Post-Modernism. New York: Routledge, 1989. Print.

Copjec, Joan. Shades of Noir: A Reader. London: Verso, 1993. Print.

Denning, M. Mechanic Accents; Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America. [Place of publication not identified]: Verso, 1987. Print.

Doane, Mary Ann. Femmes Fatales: Feminism, Film Theory, Psychoanalysis. London: Routledge, 1991. Print.

Docherty, Brian. American Crime Fiction: Studies in the Genre. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988. Print.

Dussere, Erik. America Is Elsewhere: The Noir Tradition in the Age of Consumer Culture. New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2013. Print.

Effron, Malcah. The Millennial Detective: Essays on Trends in Crime Fiction, Film and Television, 1990-2010. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2011. Print.

Ellroy, James. The Black Dahlia. London: Arrow, 1993. Print.

Evans, Mary. The Imagination of Evil: Detective Fiction and the Modern World. Continuum literary studies. London: Continuum, 2009. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=476529>.

Faison, Stephen E. Existentialism, Film Noir, and Hard-Boiled Fiction. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2008. Print.

Fine, David. Los Angeles in Fiction: A Collection of Essays. Revised edition. Albuquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press, 1995. Print.

Fine, David M. Imagining Los Angeles: A City in Fiction. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2004. Print.

Frank, Lawrence and Dawsonera. Victorian Detective Fiction and the Nature of Evidence: The Scientific Investigations of Poe, Dickens, and Doyle. Palgrave studies in nineteenth-century writing and culture. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=KentUniv&isbn=9781403919328>.

Freud, Sigmund and Phillips, Adam. ‘From the History of an Infantile Neurosis’. The Penguin Freud Reader. Penguin classics. London: Penguin, 2006. Print.

---. ‘Remembering, Repeating and Working Through’. The Penguin Freud Reader. Penguin classics. London: Penguin, 2006. Print.

---. ‘Remembering, Repeating and Working Through’. The Penguin Freud Reader. Penguin classics. London: Penguin, 2006. Print.

Gale, Robert L. A Dashiell Hammett Companion. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2000. Print.

Geherin, David. The American Private Eye: The Image in Fiction. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co, 1985. Print.

Gosselin, Adrienne Johnson. Multicultural Detective Fiction: Murder from the ‘Other’ Side. Garland reference library of the humanities. New York: Garland Pub, 1999. Print.

Green, Anna Katharine. The Leavenworth Case: A Lawyer’s Story. Rockville, MD]: Wildside books. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=717417>.

Halttunen, Karen. Murder Most Foul: The Killer and the American Gothic Imagination. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998. Print.

Hammett, D. Red Harvest. [Place of publication not identified]: Knopf, 1929. Print.

Hammett, Dashiell, Layman, Richard, and Rivett, Julie M. Selected Letters of Dashiell Hammett, 1921-1960. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 2001. Print.

Haut, Woody. Neon Noir: Contemporary American Crime Fiction. 1st ed. London: Serpent’s Tail, 1999. Print.

---. Pulp Culture: Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War. London: Serpent’s Tail, 1995. Print.

Haut, Woody, Haut, Woody, and Haut, Woody. Heartbreak and Vine: The Fate of Hardboiled Writers in Hollywood. [London]: Serpent’s Tail, 2002. Print.

Hawkins, Harriett. Classics and Trash: Traditions and Taboos in High Literature and Popular Modern Genres. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990. Print.

Hemingway, Ernest and Fenton, James. ‘The Killers’. The Collected Stories. Everyman’s library. London: David Campbell, 1995. Print.

Higginson, Pim. The Noir Atlantic: Chester Himes and the Birth of the Francophone African Crime Novel. Contemporary French and francophone cultures. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2011. Print.

Hilfer, Anthony Channell. The Crime Novel: A Deviant Genre. 1st ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. Print.

Himes, Chester B. The Real Cool Killers. London: Penguin, 2011. Print.

Hiney, Tom. Raymond Chandler: A Biography. London: Vintage, 1998. Print.

Hoffmann, Josef. Philosophies of Crime Fiction. Harpenden: No Exit, 2013. Print.

Horkheimer, Max, Adorno, Theodor W., and Schmid Noerr, Gunzelin. Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Cultural memory in the present. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2002. Print.

---. ‘The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception’. Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Cultural memory in the present. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2002. Print.

Horsley, Lee and Dawsonera. Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=KentUniv&isbn=9780191557897>.

Howe, Alexander N. It Didn’t Mean Anything: A Psychoanalytic Reading of American Detective Fiction. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2008. Print.

Irons, Glenwood H. Feminism in Women’s Detective Fiction. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1995. Print.

Irwin, John T. The Mystery to a Solution: Poe, Borges, and the Analytic Detective Story. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Print.

Kennedy, Liam and Shapiro, Stephen. The Wire: Race, Class, and Genre. Class: culture. Ann Arbor, [Mich.]: University of Michigan Press, 2012. Print.

Klein, Kathleen Gregory. The Woman Detective: Gender & Genre. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois P., 1988. Print.

Knight, Stephen. Crime Fiction Since 1800: Detection, Death, Diversity. 2nd Revised edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Print.

Knight, Stephen Thomas. Form and Ideology in Crime Fiction. London: Macmillan, 1980. Print.

Kopley, Richard. Edgar Allan Poe and the Dupin Mysteries. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=455319>.

LeMenager, Stephanie. Living Oil: Petroleum Culture in the American Century. Oxford Studies in American Literary History. New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2014. Print.

Locke, Attica and Dawsonera. Black Water Rising. London: Serpent’s Tail, 2009. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=KentUniv&isbn=9781847652645>.

Lovell, Jarret S. Good Cop, Bad Cop: Mass Media and the Cycle of Police Reform. Monsey, New York: Willow Tree, 2003. Print.

Luhr, William. ‘Fargo: Far Removed from the Stereotypes of …’. The Coen Brothers Fargo. Cambridge university Press film handbooks series. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.

---. The Coen Brothers Fargo. Cambridge university Press film handbooks series. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.

MacShane, F. Selected Letters of Raymond Chandler. [Place of publication not identified]: Columbia University Press. Print.

MacShane, Frank. The Life of Raymond Chandler. Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall, 1986. Print.

Madden, D. James M Cain. [Place of publication not identified]: Twayne. Print.

Madden, David. Tough Guy Writers of the Thirties. Arcturus paperbacks. Carbondale: Feffer & Simons, 1968. Print.

Mandel, Ernest. Delightful Murder: A Social History of the Crime Story. London: Pluto Press, 1984. Print.

Margolies, Edward and Fabre, Michel. The Several Lives of Chester Himes. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1997. Print.

Marling, William. Raymond Chandler. Twayne’s United States authors series. Boston, Mass: Twayne Publishers, 1986. Print.

---. The American Roman Noir: Hammett, Cain, and Chandler. Athens, Ga: University of Georgia Press, 1995. Print.

Martin, Brendan and Dawsonera. Paul Auster’s Postmodernity. London: Routledge, 2007. Web. <https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://sid.kent.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203937518>.

McCann, Sean. Gumshoe America: Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction and the Rise and Fall of New Deal Liberalism. New Americanists. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000. Print.

McCracken, Scott. Pulp: Reading Popular Fiction. Manchester, New York: Manchester University Press, 1998. Print.

McHale, Brian. Constructing Postmodernism. London: Routledge, 1992. Print.

---. Constructing Postmodernism. London: Routledge, 1992. Print.

Merivale, Patricia and Sweeney, Susan Elizabeth. Detecting Texts: The Metaphysical Detective Story from Poe to Postmodernism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. Print.

Messent, Peter B. Criminal Proceedings: The Contemporary American Crime Novel. London: Pluto, 1997. Print.

Metress, Christopher. The Critical Response to Dashiell Hammett. Critical responses in arts and letters. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1994. Print.

Miller, Vivien M. L. and Oakley, Helen. Cross-Cultural Connections in Crime Fictions. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print.

Mizejewski, Linda. Hardboiled & High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Popular Culture. London: Routledge, 2004. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://www.kentuk.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=183005>.

Moore, Lewis D. Cracking the Hard-Boiled Detective: A Critical History from the 1920s to the Present. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2006. Print.

Moretti, Franco. ‘“Clues” from Signs Taken for Wonders: On the Sociology of Literary Forms’. Signs Taken for Wonders: On the Sociology of Literary Forms. Radical thinkers. London: Verso, 2005. Print.

---. Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms. Rev. ed. Verso classics. London: Verso, 1988. Print.

Most, Glenn W. and Stowe, William W. The Poetics of Murder: Detective Fiction and Literary Theory. 1st ed. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. Print.

Mühleisen, Susanne and Matzke, Christine. Postcolonial Postmortems: Crime Fiction from a Transcultural Perspective. Internationale Forschungen zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006. Print.

Muller, Gilbert H. Chester Himes. Twayne’s United States authors series. Boston, Mass: Twayne Publishers, 1989. Print.

Munby, Jonathan. Public Enemies, Public Heroes: Screening the Gangster from Little Caesar to Touch of Evil. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print.

Munt, Sally. Murder by the Book?: Feminism and the Crime Novel. Narrative forms and social formations. London, New York: Routledge, 1994. Print.

Naremore, James. More than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Print.

Nickerson, Catherine Ross. The Cambridge Companion to American Crime Fiction. Cambridge companions to literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://cco.cambridge.org/login2%3Fdest%3D%252Fbook%253Fid%253Dccol9780521199377_CCOL9780521199377>.

---. The Web of Iniquity: Early Detective Fiction by American Women. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1998. Print.

Nyman, Jopi. Men Alone: Masculinity, Individualism, and Hard-Boiled Fiction. Costerus. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997. Print.

O’Brien, Geoffrey. Hardboiled America: Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir. Expanded ed. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997. Print.

Ousby, Ian. The Crime and Mystery Book: A Reader’s Companion. London: Thames and Hudson, 1997. Print.

Panek, LeRoy. Reading Early Hammett: A Critical Study of the Fiction Prior to the Maltese Falcon. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2004. Print.

Panek, LeRoy. The American Police Novel: A History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2003. Print.

Paretsky, Sara. ‘Chapter 3’. Writing in an Age of Silence. London: Verso, 2007. Print.

---. Toxic Shock. A Penguin book. London: Penguin Books, 1990. Print.

---. Writing in an Age of Silence. London: Verso, 2007. Print.

Pepper, Andrew. The Contemporary American Crime Novel: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Class. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2000. Print.

Phillips, Gene D. Creatures of Darkness: Raymond Chandler, Detective Fiction, and Film Noir. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000. Print.

Pittard, Christopher. Purity and Contamination in Late Victorian Detective Fiction. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011. Print.

Plain, Gill. Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction: Gender, Sexuality, and the Body. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Print.

Poe, Edgar Allan. Tales of Mystery and Imagination. Wordsworth classics. Ware: Wordsworth Classics, 1993. Print.

Porter, Dennis. The Pursuit of Crime: Art and Ideology in Detective Fiction. London: Yale University Press, 1981. Print.

Powell, Steven. Conversations with James Ellroy. Literary Conversations Series. Jackson, [Miss.]: University Press of Mississippi, 2012. Print.

Priestman, Martin. Detective Fiction and Literature: The Figure on the Carpet. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991. Print.

---. The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction. Cambridge companions to literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://cco.cambridge.org/login2%3Fdest%3D%252Fbook%253Fid%253Dccol0521803993_CCOL0521803993>.

Priestman, Martin and British Council. Crime Fiction from Poe to the Present. Writers and their work. Plymouth: Northcote House in association with The British Council, 1998. Print.

Reddy, Maureen T. Sisters in Crime: Feminism and the Crime Novel. New York: Continuum, 1988. Print.

---. Traces, Codes, and Clues: Reading Race in Crime Fiction. London: Rutgers University Press, 2003. Print.

Rhodes, Chip. Politics, Desire, and the Hollywood Novel. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2008. Print.

Rzepka, Charles J. Detective Fiction. Cultural history of literature. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005. Print.

Rzepka, Charles J. and Horsley, Lee. A Companion to Crime Fiction. Blackwell companions to literature and culture. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=480446>.

Scaggs, John. Crime Fiction. The new critical idiom. London: Routledge, 2005. Print.

Schrader, Paul and Jackson, Kevin. ‘Notes on Film Noir’. Schrader on Schrader, & Other Writings. Rev. ed. London: Faber and Faber, 2004. Print.

Schwartz, Richard B. Nice and Noir: Contemporary American Crime Fiction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002. Print.

Silet, Charles L. P. The Critical Response to Chester Himes. Critical responses in arts and letters. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1999. Print.

Silver, Alain and Ursini, James. Film Noir Reader 2. 1st Limelight ed. New York: Limelight Editions, 1999. Print.

Sim, Stuart. Irony and Crisis: A Critical History of Postmodern Culture. Critical histories series. Cambridge: Icon, 2002. Print.

Simon, David. Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets. Edinburgh: Canongate, 2009. Print.

Simon, David . ‘The Escalating Breakdown of Urban Society across the US | Television & Radio | The Guardian’. N.p., 6AD. Print.

Skenazy, Paul. James M. Cain. Literature and life.: Mystery writers. New York: Continuum, 1989. Print.

Skinner, Robert E. Two Guns from Harlem: The Detective Fiction of Chester Himes. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1989. Print.

Slotkin, Richard. Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press. Print.

Soitos, Stephen F. The Blues Detective: A Study of African American Detective Fiction. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. Print.

Srebnick, Amy Gilman. The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York. Studies in the history of sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print.

Sussex, Lucy. Women Writers and Detectives in Nineteenth-Century Crime Fiction: The Mothers of the Mystery Genre. Crime files series. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=652342>.

Symons, J. Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel: A History. [Place of publication not identified]: Faber & Faber. Print.

Tani, S. The Doomed Detective: The Contribution of the Detective Novel to Postmodern American and Italian Fiction. [Place of publication not identified]: Southern Illinois U.P., 1984. Print.

Telotte, J. P. Voices in the Dark: The Narrative Patterns of Film Noir. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989. Print.

Thompson, Jim et al. Crime Novels: American Noir of the 1950s. Ed. Robert, Polito. The library of America. New York: Library of America, 1997. Print.

Thompson, Jon. Fiction, Crime, and Empire: Clues to Modernity and Postmodernism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Print.

Todorov, Tzvetan. The Poetics of Prose. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell U.P., 1977. Print.

---. ‘The Typology of Detective FIction’. The Poetics of Prose. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell U.P., 1977. Print.

Trotter, David . ‘“Theory and Detective Fiction”’. Critical Quarterly 33.2 (1991): n. pag. Web. <http://df7sm3xp4s.search.serialssolutions.com/?C=Critical Quarterly &s=AC_T_B&V=1.0&L=DF7SM3XP4S&submit=Find&C=&S=SC&N=10>.

Van Deburg, William L. Hoodlums: Black Villains and Social Bandits in American Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Print.

Van Dover, J. Kenneth. Making the Detective Story American: Biggers, Van Dine and Hammett and the Turning Point of the Genre, 1925-1930. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2010. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=530072>.

---. The Critical Response to Raymond Chandler. Critical responses in arts and letters. London: Greenwood Press, 1995. Print.

Wager, Jans B. Dangerous Dames: Women and Representation in the Weimar Street Film and Film Noir. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1999. Print.

Walton, Priscilla L. and Jones, Manina. Detective Agency: Women Rewriting the Hard-Boiled Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Print.

Wandtke, Terrence R. The Amazing Transforming Superhero!: Essays on the Revision of Characters in Comic Books, Film and Television. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2007. Print.

Warshow, Robert. ‘The Gangster as Tragic Hero’. The Immediate Experience: Movies, Comics, Theatre & Other Aspects of Popular Culture. Enlarged ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Print.

Werner, James V. and Dawsonera. American Flaneur: The Cosmic Physiognomy of Edgar Allan Poe. Studies in major literary authors. London: Routledge, 2004. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=KentUniv&isbn=9780203492826>.

Willett, Ralph. The Naked City: Urban Crime Fiction in the USA. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996. Print.

Williams, John. Into the Badlands. Grafton books. London: Paladin, 1991. Print.

Wilson, Christopher P. Cop Knowledge: Police Power and Cultural Narrative in Twentieth-Century America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print.

Winston, Robert Paul and Mellerski, Nancy C. The Public Eye: Ideology and the Police Procedural. London: Macmillan, 1992. Print.

Wolfe, Peter. Something More than Night: The Case of Raymond Chandler. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1985. Print.

Worthington, Heather. Key Concepts in Crime Fiction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.