Bibliography for Early Medieval Europe BETA

Althoff, Gerd. Otto III. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Print.

---. Otto III. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Print.

---. Otto III. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Web. <http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip043/2003009373.html>.

Althoff, Gerd. Otto III. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Web. <http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip043/2003009373.html>.

Angenendt, A. The Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons Considered against the Background of the Early Medieval Mission. N.p. Print.

Arnold, Benjamin. Medieval Germany, 500-1300: A Political Interpretation. European history in perspective. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997. Print.

Barlow and F. ‘Edward the Confessor and the Norman Conquest’. The Norman Conquest and Beyond. [Place of publication not identified]: Hambledon Press, 1983. Print.

Barrett and J.H. ‘What Caused the Viking Age?’ Antiquity: a quarterly review of archaeology 82 (2008): n. pag. Print.

Bates and D. ‘West Francia: The Kingdom’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

Bates, David. Normandy before 1066. London: Longman, 1982. Print.

---. William the Conqueror. Illustrated ed. The kings&queens of medieval England. Stroud: Tempus, 2001. Print.

Bautier, Robert Henri. The Economic Development of Medieval Europe. Library of European Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. Print.

Bede, Colgrave, Bertram, and Mynors, R. A. B. Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford medieval texts. Oxford: O.U.P., 1969. Print.

Bernstein and D.J. ‘The Blinding of Harold and the Meaning of the Bayeux Tapestry’. Anglo-Norman Studies 5 (1983): n. pag. Print.

Blair, John. The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.

Boone, James L. Lost Civilization: The Contested Islamic Past in Spain and Portugal. Duckworth debates in archaeology. London: Duckworth, 2009. Print.

Bouet, Pierre, Levy, B. J., and Neveux, François. The Bayeux Tapestry: Embroidering the Facts of History : Proceedings of the Cerisy Colloquium (1999). Caen: Presses universitaires de Caen, 2004. Print.

Bowden, William and Hodges, Richard. The Sixth Century: Production, Distribution, and Demand. Transformation of the Roman world. Leiden: Brill, 1998. Print.

Breeze and L.W. ‘The Persistence of Scandinavian Connections in Normandy in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries’. Viator: medieval and renaissance studies 8 (1977): n. pag. Print.

Brink, Stefan and Price, Neil. The Viking World. The Routledge worlds. London: Routledge, 2008. Print.

Brockopp, Jonathan E. The Cambridge Companion to Muḥammad. Cambridge companions to religion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://cco.cambridge.org/login2%3Fdest%3D%252Fbook%253Fid%253Dccol9780521886079_CCOL9780521886079>.

Brooke, Christopher. Europe in the Central Middle Ages 962-1154. 3rd ed. A general history of Europe. Harlow: Longman, 2000. Print.

---. Europe in the Central Middle Ages 962-1154. 3rd ed. A general history of Europe. Harlow: Longman, 2000. Print.

Brooks and N. ‘Canterbury, Rome and the Construction of English Identity’. Early Medieval Rome and the Christian West: Essays in Honour of Donald A. Bullough. The medieval Mediterranean. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Print.

Brooks and N.P. ‘The Authority and Interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry’. Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 (1983): n. pag. Print.

Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200-1000. The making of Europe. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 1996. Print.

---. The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad. [Library of European civilization]. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. Print.

---. The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad. [Library of European civilization]. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. Print.

---. The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad. [Library of European civilization]. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. Print.

Brown and R.A. ‘The Battle of Hastings’. Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 3 (1981): n. pag. Print.

Brown, Reginald Allen. The Normans and the Norman Conquest. 2nd ed. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1985. Print.

Brown and S.A. ‘The Bayeux Tapestry: History or Propaganda?’ The Anglo-Saxons, Synthesis and Achievement. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1985. Print.

Bullough, D. The Age of Charlemagne. [Place of publication not identified]: Elek, 1973. Print.

Cameron, Averil. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395-600. Routledge history of the ancient world. London: Routledge, 1993. Print.

Campbell and J. ‘The Debt of the Early English Church to Ireland’. Irland Und Die Christenheit: Bibelstudien Und Mission =Ireland and Christendom ; the Bible and the Missions. Veröffentlichungen des Europa Zentrums Tübingen. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1987. Print.

Campbell, James. Essays in Anglo-Saxon History. London: Hambledon Press, 1986. Print.

Campbell, James, John, Eric, and Wormald, Patrick. The Anglo-Saxons. Oxford: Phaidon, 1982. Print.

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Carpenter, David. The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066-1284. London: Penguin, 2004. Print.

---. The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066-1284. London: Penguin, 2004. Print.

Carpenter, David. The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066-1284. London: Penguin, 2004. Print.

Carver and M. ‘The Cross Goes North: Process of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300’. The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300. Woodbridge, Suffolk: York Medieval Press, in association with Boydell Press, 2003. Print.

Charles-Edwards and T. ‘Conversion to Christianity’. After Rome. The short Oxford history of the British Isles. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Print.

Christiansen, Eric. The Norsemen in the Viking Age. Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. Print.

Christie, Neil. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire: An Archaeological and Historical Perspective. Historical endings. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. Print.

Clanchy, M. T. England and Its Rulers, 1066-1272. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Print.

Collins and R. ‘Spain: The Northern Kingdoms and the Basques, 711-910’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

---. ‘The Western Kingdoms’. The Cambridge Ancient History: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D.425-600, Vol. 14. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. Print.

Collins, Roger. Charlemagne. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998. Print.

Collins, Roger. Charlemagne. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998. Print.

---. Charlemagne. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998. Print.

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Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Palgrave history of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Palgrave history of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Palgrave history of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Palgrave history of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Palgrave history of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Palgrave history of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Palgrave history of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. 2nd ed. New studies in medieval history. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. Print.

Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. Second edition. New studies in medieval history. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. Print.

Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797. A History of Spain. New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell, 1989. Print.

Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797. A History of Spain. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1989. Print.

Collins, Roger. Visigothic Spain, 409-711. A history of Spain. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Pub, 2004. Print.

Cook, M A. Muhammad. [Place of publication not identified]: O.U.P., 1983. Print.

Costambeys, Marios, Innes, Matthew, and MacLean, Simon. The Carolingian World. Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.

Costambeys, Marios, Matthew Innes, and Simon MacLean. The Carolingian World. Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.

Coupland and S. ‘From Poachers to Gamekeepers: Scandinavian Warlords and Carolingian Kings’. Early medieval Europe 7 (1998): n. pag. Web. <databaseName>.

---. ‘The Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England to 911’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

---. ‘The Vikings on the Continent in Myth and History’. History 88 (2003): n. pag. Print.

Coupland, S. and Nelson, and J. ‘The Vikings on the Continent’. History Today 38 (1988): n. pag. Print.

Cowdrey and H.E.J. ‘Towards an Interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry’. Anglo-Norman studies 10 (1988): n. pag. Web. <databaseName>.

Dahy and W.M. ‘Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?’ Speculum: a journal of medieval studies 69 (1994): n. pag. Print.

Davis, R. H. C. and Moore, R. I. A History of Medieval Europe. 3rd ed. / by R.I. Moore, with the assistance of Joanna Huntington. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. Print.

Dunbabin, Jean. France in the Making 843-1180. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.

---. France in the Making 843-1180. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.

Dutton, Paul Edward. Carolingian Civilization: A Reader. 2nd ed. Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 2004. Print.

Dutton, Paul Edward. Charlemagne’s Courtier: The Complete Einhard. 2 ed. Readings in Medieval civilizations&cultures. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Print.

Effros, Bonnie. Merovingian Mortuary Archaeology and the Making of the Early Middle Ages. The transformation of the classical heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. Print.

Einhard. ‘Life or Charlemagne’. Charlemagne’s Courtier: The Complete Einhard. Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures. Hadleigh: Broadview Press, 1998. Print.

Einhard and Dutton, Paul Edward. Charlemagne’s Courtier: The Complete Einhard. Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures. Hadleigh: Broadview Press, 1998. Print.

Fleckenstein, J. Early Medieval Germany. [Place of publication not identified]: North-Holland, 1978. Print.

Fletcher, R. A. The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity, 371-1386 AD. London: HarperCollins, 1997. Print.

Folz, Robert. The Coronation of Charlemagne, 25 December 800. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1974. Print.

Fouracre and P. ‘Frankish Gaul to 814’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

Fouracre, Paul. The Age of Charles Martel. The medieval world. Harlow, England: Longman, 2000. Print.

Gameson, Richard. St Augustine and the Conversion of England. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999. Print.

Gameson, Richard. St. Augustine and the Conversion of England. Stroud: Sutton, 1999. Print.

---. The Study of the Bayeux Tapestry. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1997. Print.

Ganshof, François Louis. The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy. Studies in Carolingian history. London: Longman, 1971. Print.

Ganz, David, Einhard, and Notker. Two Lives of Charlemagne. Penguin classics. London: Penguin Books, 2008. Print.

Garrison, Eliza. Ottonian Imperial Art and Portraiture: The Artistic Patronage of Otto III and Henry II. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012. Print.

Geary, Patrick J. Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

---. Readings in Medieval History: Vol. 1: [The Early Middle Ages]. 3rd ed. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 2003. Print.

Gillingham, John. The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages (900-1200). Historical Association. General series no. 77. London: Historical Association, 1971. Print.

Glick, T F. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. [Place of publication not identified]: Princeton U.P., 1979. Print.

Goetz and H.-W. ‘Gens, Kings and Kingdoms: The Franks’. Regna and Gentes: The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World. The transformation of the Roman world. Boston: Brill, 2003. Print.

Goffart and W. ‘Rome, Constantinople, and the Barbarians’. American historical review 86 (1981): n. pag. Print.

Golding, Brian. Conquest and Colonisation: The Normans in Britain, 1066-1100. Rev. ed. British history in perspective. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001. Print.

Golding, Brian. Conquest and Colonisation: The Normans in Britain, 1066-1100. Revised edition. British history in perspective. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001. Print.

Graham-Campbell, James. The Viking World. 3rd Frances Lincoln ed. London: F. Lincoln, 2001. Print.

Graham-Campbell, James, Kidd, Dafydd, and British Museum. The Vikings. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications, 1980. Print.

Grape, Wolfgang. The Bayeux Tapestry: Monument to a Norman Triumph. Munich: Prestel, 1994. Print.

Grierson and P. ‘Commerce in the Dark Ages: A Critique of the Evidence’. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5 (1959): n. pag. Print.

Halsall and G. ‘Childeric’s Grave, Clovis’ Succession, and the Origins of the Merovingian Kingdom’. Society and Culture in Late Antique Gaul: Revisiting the Sources. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001. Print.

---. ‘PLaying Buy Whose Rukles? A Further Look at Viking Atrocity’. Medieval history 2 (1992): n. pag. Web. <databaseName>.

---. ‘The Barbarian Invasions’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

Halsall, Guy. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568. Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=377864>.

---. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568. Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=377864>.

Hamerow and H. ‘The Earliest Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

Hanawalt and E.H. ‘Dudo of Saint-Quentin - the Heroic Past Imagined’. The Haskins Society journal: studies in medieval history 6 (1994): n. pag. Print.

Hansen, Inge Lyse and Wickham, Chris. The Long Eighth Century: [Production, Distribution and Demand]. Transformation of the Roman world. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Print.

Harper-Bill, Christopher and van Houts, Elizabeth. A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2002. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=218404>.

---. A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2002. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentuk/detail.action?docID=218404>.

‘Hastings 1066 Website’. N.p., n.d. Print.

Havighurst, Alfred F. The Pirenne Thesis: Analysis, Criticism, and Revision. Problems in European civilization. Boston: Heath. Print.

Heather and P. ‘The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe’. English historical review 110 (1995): n. pag. Print.

---. ‘The Western Empire, 425-76’. The Cambridge Ancient History: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D.425-600, Vol. 14. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. Print.

Heather, P. J. Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe. London: Pan, 2010. Print.

---. Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe. London: Pan, 2010. Print.

---. The Fall of the Roman Empire. London: Macmillan, 2005. Print.

---. The Goths. Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Print.

Herrin, Judith. The Formation of Christendom. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987. Print.

Hicks and C. ‘The Borders of the Bayeux Tapestry’. England in the Eleventh Century: Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton Symposium. Harlaxton Medieval Studies. Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1992. Print.

Hicks, Carola. The Bayeux Tapestry: The Life Story of a Masterpiece. London: Chatto & Windus, 2006. Print.

Higham, N. J. The Norman Conquest. Sutton pocket histories. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Pub, 1998. Print.

Higham, Nick. The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud: Sutton, 1997. Print.

Hill, Boyd H. Medieval Monarchy in Action: The German Empire from Henry I to Henry IV. Historical problems : studies and documents. London: Allen and Unwin, 1972. Print.

Hillenbrand and C. ‘Muhammed and the Rise of Islam’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

Hodges and R. ‘Charlemagne’s Elephant’. History Today 50 (2000): n. pag. Print.

---. ‘Goodbye to the Vikings’. History Today 54 (2004): n. pag. Print.

Hodges, Richard. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade A.D. 600-1000. 2nd ed. New approaches in archaeology. London: Duckworth, 1989. Print.

Hodges, Richard and Whitehouse, David. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London: Duckworth, 1983. Print.

---. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London: Duckworth, 1983. Print.

Houts, Elisabeth Maria Cornelia van. The Normans in Europe. Manchester medieval sources series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/sources.htm>.

---. The Normans in Europe. Manchester medieval sources series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/sources.htm>.

Hudson, Benjamin T. Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.

Innes, Matthew. An Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

---. An Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

---. An Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

---. An Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

---. An Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

---. An Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

---. State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400-1000. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print.

Jackson, Gabriel. The Making of Medieval Spain. Library of European Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. Print.

James and E. ‘The Origins of Barbarian Kingdoms: The Continental Evidence’. The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. Studies in the early history of Britain. London: Leicester University Press, 1989. Print.

James, Edward. Britain in the First Millennium. Britain and Europe. London: Oxford University Press, 2001. Print.

---. Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200-600. 1st ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print.

---. Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200-600. 1st ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print.

---. Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200-600. 1st ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print.

---. The Franks. The peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. Print.

---. The Franks. The peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. Print.

---. The Origins of France: From Clovis to the Capetians, 500-1000. New studies in medieval history. London: Macmillan, 1982. Print.

John and E. ‘The End of Anglo-Saxon England’. The Anglo-Saxons. Oxford: Phaidon, 1982. Print.

Jones, Gwyn. A History of the Vikings. Rev. ed. Oxford: O.U.P., 1984. Print.

Jotischky, Andrew and Hull, Caroline Susan. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

---. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

---. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

---. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

---. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

---. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

---. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

Kennedy, H. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. London: Phoenix, 2008. Print.

Kennedy and H. ‘The Muslims in Europe’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1995. Print.

Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus. London: Longman, 1996. Print.

---. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus. London: Longman, 1996. Print.

Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Paperback edition. London: Phoenix, 2008. Print.

Kennedy, Hugh, Bel, Marc, and Donck, Peter van der. An Historical Atlas of Islam =: Atlas Historique de l’Islam. 2nd, rev. ed ed. Boston: Brill, 2002. Print.

King, P. D. Charlemagne: Translated Sources. Kendal: P. D. King, 1987. Print.

Lapidge, Michael et al. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Print.

Latouche, R. The Birth of Western Economy; Economic Aspects of the Dark Ages. [Place of publication not identified]: Methuen. Print.

Lawson, M. K. The Battle of Hastings, 1066. [New ed.]. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2003. Print.

Lawson and M.K. ‘Observations on a Scene in the Bayeux Tapestry, the Battle of Hastings and the Military System of the Late Anglo-Saxon State’. The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. London: Hambledon Press, 2000. Print.

Leyser and K. ‘Ottonian Government’. English historical review 96 (1981): n. pag. Print.

---. ‘Ritual, Ceremony and Gesture: Ottonian Germany’. Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries. London: Hambledon Press, 1994. Print.

Leyser, K J. Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours, 900-1250. [Place of publication not identified]: Hambledon Press, 1982. Print.

Leyser, Karl J. Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society: Ottonian Saxony. London: E. Arnold, 1979. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/HEB01063>.

Leyser, Karl and Reuter, Timothy. Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries. London: Hambledon Press, 1994. Print.

Little, Lester K. and Rosenwein, Barbara H. Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. Print.

Logan, F. Donald. The Vikings in History. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2005. Print.

Lombard, Maurice. The Golden Age of Islam. North-Holland medieval translations. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1975. Print.

---. The Golden Age of Islam. North-Holland medieval translations. Amsterdam: American Elsevier, 1975. Print.

Lowney, Chris. A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

Loyn, H R. The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration. [Place of publication not identified]: Arnold, 1975. Print.

Mackay, A. Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000-1500. [Place of publication not identified]: Macmillan, 1977. Print.

MacKay, Angus and Ditchburn, David. Atlas of Medieval Europe. London: Routledge, 1997. Print.

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Macmullen and R. ‘Barbarian Enclaves in the Northern Roman Empire’. Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary. ACLS History e-book project. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990. Web. <http://library.kent.ac.uk/cgi-bin/resources.cgi?url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/HEB01452>.

Markus, R. A. Gregory the Great and a Papal Missionary Strategy. N.p. Print.

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Matthew, H. C. G., Harrison, Brian Howard, and British Academy. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000. [New ed.]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print.

Mayr-Harting and H. ‘Charlemagne, the Saxons and the Imperial Coronation of 800’. English historical review 111 (1996): n. pag. Print.

Mayr-Harting, Henry. Ottonian Book Illumination: An Historical Study. 2nd rev. one-volume ed. London: Harvey Miller, 1999. Print.

---. Ottonian Book Illumination: An Historical Study. 2nd rev. one-volume ed. London: Harvey Miller, 1999. Print.

---. The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England. 3rd ed. London: Batsford, 1991. Print.

Mayr-Harting, Henry. The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England. Third edition. London: Batsford, 1991. Print.

McCormick, Michael. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300-900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print.

McEvedy, Colin. The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. New ed. London: Penguin, 1992. Print.

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---. The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. New ed. London: Penguin, 1992. Print.

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---. The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. New ed. London: Penguin, 1992. Print.

McKitterick and R. ‘Continuity and Innovation in Tenth-Century Ottonian Culture’. Intellectual Life in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Margaret Gibson. London: Hambledon, 1992. Print.

---. ‘Ottonian Intellectual Culture’. Early medieval Europe 2 (1993): n. pag. Web. <databaseName>.

McKitterick, Rosamond. Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Print.

---. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.

---. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.

McKitterick, Rosamond. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Web. <http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0827/2008000621-t.html>.

McKitterick, Rosamond. The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987. London: Longman, 1983. Print.

---. The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987. London: Longman, 1983. Print.

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