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Olson, Lynette. The early Middle Ages: the birth of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke: : Palgrave Macmillan 2007.
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Collins, Roger. Early medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: : Palgrave Macmillan 2010.
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Heather, P. J. Empires and barbarians: migration, development and the birth of Europe. London: : Pan 2010.
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Innes, Matthew. An introduction to early medieval Western Europe, 300-900: the sword, the plough and the book. London: : Routledge 2007.
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Pohl, W. The Barbarian Successor States. In: The transformation of the Roman world AD 400-900. London: : British Museum Press 1997.
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